Protein deficiency

Protein deficiency and malnutrition can affect  to variety of  ailments including mental retardation and kwashiorkor. Symptoms of  kwashiorkor include apathy, diarrhea, inactivity, failure to grow, flaky skin, fatty liver, and edema of the belly and legs. This edema is explained by the action of  lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid to form leukotrienes and the normal functioning of proteins in fluid balance and lipoprotein transport.

Protein energy malnutrition is more common in poor countries, children from higher-income countries are also affected, including children from large urban areas in low socioeconomic neighborhoods. This may also occur in children with chronic diseases, and children who are institutionalized or hospitalized for a different diagnosis. Risk factors include a primary diagnosis of intellectual disability, cystic fibrosis, malignancy, cardiovascular disease, end stage renal disease, oncologic disease, genetic disease, neurological disease, multiple diagnoses, or prolonged hospitalization.

Symptoms of Protein Deficiency

Protein deficiency symptoms are the first signs that your diet may be lacking in complete proteins. When your body isn't getting the nutrition it needs to function well, it gives you signals that something is wrong. Pay attention to these symptoms and seek medical advice if you experience them.

Common Protein Deficiency Symptoms

Even with a wide variety of protein sources available, some people experience protein deficiency symptoms due to a lack of protein intake. Severely restrictive diets, lack of knowledge about nutrients, and even poverty can contribute to protein deficiency. Protein deficiency is nothing to fool around with either; deficiency can lead to gallstones, arthritis, and muscle deterioration, as well as heart problems. Here are some of the most common symptoms.

Weight Loss

Severe weight loss is one symptom of a protein deficiency. It may be attributed to muscle wastage, as your body breaks down your muscles in an attempt to get protein from them.

Thinning or Brittle Hair

Hair loss and thinning or brittle hair can also be caused by a protein deficiency. Hair is made up of protein, so a deficiency may lead your hair to lack the amount of protein it needs to stay healthy. If you become deficient enough, your hair will even begin to fall out.

Ridges in Nails

Ridges or white lines in both finger and toe nails can be caused by a lack of protein the diet. Ridges that run from top to bottom on the nail can indicate an ongoing protein deficiency, while a ridge that runs transverse may indicate a deficiency that has now passed.

Pale Skin

Skin that loses pigment and burns more easily in the sun can be caused by a lack of iron, as well as protein. Frequently, foods that are rich in iron also contain protein, and protein is necessary for the body to utilize iron properly. Anemia or lack of iron may result in pale skin.

Skin Rashes

Skin rashes, which may be accompanied by dry or flaking skin are a symptom of a protein deficiency. These rashes are caused by extreme protein deficiency and may resemble eczema or other dry skin rashes.

Difficulty Sleeping

Difficulty in sleeping could be caused by a serotonin deficiency, which is caused by a lack of certain amino acids. These amino acids are produced when protein is broken down, and a diet with insufficient protein could lead to difficulty in sleeping.

Headache

Headaches can be caused by many things, including a protein deficiency. A lack of protein may lead to headaches in one of a couple ways:

Ø By causing anemia

Ø By causing low blood sugar

Medical Care

As noted earlier, a substantial proportion of individuals with protein C deficiency remain asymptomatic throughout life and require no specific therapy. However, thromboprophylaxis may be considered in such individuals, particularly if there is a strong family history of thrombosis, for situations associated with a high thrombotic risk such as pregnancy and the postpartum state, surgery, and trauma.

Venous thromboembolism

VTE in patients with protein C deficiency is managed in much the same way as it is for patients with VTE due to other causes (see Further Reading). Because the risk of recurrent VTE in protein C – deficient patients may be as high as 60%,[20] long-term anticoagulation is often recommended, particularly following a spontaneous thromboembolic event.

Warfarin-induced skin necrosis

WISN is a medical emergency that requires treatment as soon as it is recognized. Therapy consists of immediate discontinuation of  warfarin, administration of vitamin K, and initiation of therapeutic doses of heparin. If the patient is protein C deficient, administration of exogenous protein C should be administered, either in the form of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or, preferably, as purified protein C concentrate with the goal of expeditiously normalizing plasma protein C activity.

Neonatal purpura fulminans

Like WISN, NPF is a medical emergency that requires rapid normalization of plasma protein C activity. Although fresh frozen plasma has been used as a source of exogenous protein C in the treatment of  NPF, frequent administration is required to maintain adequate plasma levels, thereby limiting its usefulness in this setting.  After treatment of the acute phase of NPF, patients are transitioned to anticoagulation therapy, on which they must remain indefinitely.

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Viruses and bacteria

Viruses:

Viruses are too small to be seen by the naked eye. They can't multiply on their own, so they have to invade a 'host' cell and take over its machinery in order to be able to make more virus particles.

Viruses consist of genetic materials (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protective coat of protein. They are capable of latching onto cells and getting inside them.

The cells of the mucous membranes, such as those lining the respiratory passages that we breathe through, are particularly open to virus attacks because they are not covered by protective skin.

Bacteria:

Bacteria are organisms made up of just one cell. They are capable of multiplying by themselves, as they have the power to divide. Their shapes vary, and doctors use these characteristics to separate them into groups.

Bacteria exist everywhere, inside and on our bodies. Most of them are completely harmless and some of them are very useful.

But some bacteria can cause diseases, either because they end up in the wrong place in the body or simply because they are 'designed' to invade us.

Virus - Bacteria Differences

Ø Viruses are the smallest and simplest life form known. They are 10 to 100 times smaller than bacteria.

Ø The biggest difference between viruses and bacteria is that viruses must have a living host - like a plant or animal - to multiply, while most bacteria can grow on non-living surfaces.

Ø Bacteria are intercellular organisms whereas viruses are intracellular organisms . They change the host cell's genetic material from its normal function to producing the virus itself.

Ø There are some useful bacteria but all viruses are harmful.

Ø Antibiotics can kill bacteria but not viruses.

viruses and bacteria spread process

Ø A person with a cold can spread the infection by coughing and/or sneezing.

Ø Bacteria or viruses can be passed on by touching or shaking hands with another person.

Ø Touching food with dirty hands will also allow viruses or bacteria from the intestine to spread.

Ø Body fluids, such as blood, saliva and semen, can contain the infecting organisms and transmission of such fluids, for example by injection or sexual contact, is important, particularly for viral infections like hepatitis or AIDS.

Avoid infection

Ø Wash your hands thoroughly

Ø Shaking hands with someone who has a cold is risky, so avoid rubbing your eyes or nose afterwards.

Ø Food should be cooked or cooled down as quickly as possible.

Ø Vegetables and meat must be stored separately and prepared on separate chopping boards.

Ø Meat should preferably be served well-done.

Ø Remember that food with these invisible organisms does not necessarily smell bad.

Ø Some organisms are killed as the food is cooked, but they can still leave toxic substances that may cause diarrhoea and vomiting.

Ø The use of condoms during sexual intercourse reduces the likelihood of spreading sexually transmitted diseases.

Differences in reproduction

Bacteria carry all the "machinery" needed for their growth and multiplication. Bacteria usually reproduce asexually. In case of sexual reproduction, certain plasmids genetic material can be passed between bacteria. On the other hand, viruses carry mainly information - for example, DNA or RNA, packaged in a protein and/or membranous coat. Viruses harness the host cell's machinery to reproduce. Their legs attach onto the surface of the cell and then the genetic material contained inside the head of the virus is injected into the cell. This genetic material can either use the cell's machinery to produce its own proteins and/or virus bits, or it can be integrated into the cell's DNA/RNA and then translated later. When enough "baby" viruses are produced the cell bursts, releasing the new viral particles.

Living vs. Non-living

Bacteria are living organisms but opinions vary on whether viruses are. A virus is an organic structure that interacts with living organisms. It does show characteristics of life such has having genes, evolving by natural selection and reproducing by creating multiple copies of themselves through self-assembly. But viruses don't have a cellular structure or their own metabolism; they need a host cell to reproduce. It should be noted that bacterial species such as rickettsia and chlamydia are considered living organisms despite the same limitation of not being able to reproduce without a host cell.

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